to obtain perfect occlusions. | Dr Patrick Guézénec.
These two cases are among those presented for obtaining the French Board in orthodontics. Capucine and Clémence present at my practice in September 2013.

Capucine is 9 years and 9 months old and Clémence has just celebrated her 13th birthday. Both sisters are Class II. Their files were prepared in November 2013 and a report is provided to the parents in December 2013.

Paleodontology: Diagnosis and archaeology of dental pathologies. | Dr Djillali Hadjouis. Teeth become a tool for identifying disease of general cause in archaeology. The example of osteopetrosis, rickets, and congenital syphilis.
The numerous funerary sites excavated for forty years in the Val-de-Marne area have yielded thousands of skeletons ranging from Neolithic burials, placed inside inhabited areas, to the soldiers of the 1870 war, including many necropolises of Merovingian, Carolingian and early Late Middle Ages churches (Hadjouis 1999, 2006, forthcoming). Among populations with heterogeneous morphological characteristics, many individuals—men, women and children—show a poor health status, with a low life expectancy in the face of epidemics and infectious, metabolic and parasitic diseases. Lesions developed on the skull, spine and limb skeleton suggest diseases with disturbing, morbid names: leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae), syphilis (Treponema pallidum), tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), malaria or “malaria” (Plasmodium falciparum), plague (Yersinia pestis), smallpox. The last two show no bone signs suggestive of the disease. Among the pathognomonic signs of certain diseases, teeth also offer a significant tool for identifying lesions of general cause. Treponematoses, in particular congenital syphilis, vitamin-resistant rickets, and osteopetrosis, are the three examples we selected to illustrate dental retrospective diagnosis of ancient populations whose skeletons were found during preventive archaeology operations.

Nouveautés techniques : Pour une gestion complète des cabinets d’orthodontie, et plus… | Dr Paul Azoulay
The true cornerstone of an orthodontic practice, the management software makes it possible to handle all the practice’s administrative tasks. In recent times, many improvements have enriched every feature with new tools that further simplify every aspect of management, while also facilitating communication with patients.
Il existe sur le marché français cinq logiciels principaux concernant la gestion d’un cabinet d’orthodontie. En termes fonctionnels, les principales attentes d’un praticien sont couvertes par tous : gestion de l’administratif et des relations avec les caisses et mutuelles, agenda, suivi clinique, imagerie, courrier…
However, each software has its own specific features, making them more or less efficient and effective. In terms of functional coverage,
Orthokis, Ortholeader and Orthalis have captured our full attention.
The trends in recent years are moving toward:
• complete digitization of the patient record;
• providing patients with new services through the Internet.

Practice life: The business plan—when, why, how? | Dr Frank Pourrat
The business plan is a fundamental element in a company’s life. It is also useful for the orthodontist to examine it. It is not only a reflection of the initial installation project, but also at the beginning of every calendar year. It is the deployment of the objectives that the manager has set. Revisiting the past year makes it possible to gather irrelevant information and thus to facilitate a short-term view. The business plan aims to convince readers either at the start of business so that banking institutions can endorse the project, or during the course of activity to convince future partners, or over the years to provide a path, a goal, and objectives for the team itself. Structured according to a rational methodology, all the information collected will result in an effective working tool.

Medical psychology: Microbiota—dialogue with our intestines | Dr Marc-Gérald Choukroun
It happens that certain difficulties expressed in an individual’s life do not belong to their character or to past actions. Several experiences in psychotherapy show that the source of discomfort comes from a family issue that has not been resolved—or even has been hidden. The choice of secrecy within the family is a gross mistake because, under the pretext of protecting themselves or their children, parents do not realize that these events take root in their brain in a muffled way and pass through their expressions, what they say, what they do, and their fears directly to an unconscious level without the children’s knowledge. It is as if the child’s brain decodes the unsaid or the lies unknowingly: Unbewust means
“‘unconscious’” in German, and yet it is the term Freud used to describe the unconscious. In French, we also find the root “scien(t)”, which means “knowledge,” and the prefix “in,” which means “not.”

Evidence-based orthodontics: How to integrate studies
clinical into our practice | Dr Martial Ruiz
The evidential value of a clinical study is based on the authors’ ability to control experimental bias. Examining how patients are recruited, how treatments are allocated, how the study is followed up, and the objectivity in collecting and analyzing results makes it possible to assess the validity of a study and therefore its usefulness in our practice.

Student paper: Orthodontic intrusion and attachment gain | Dr Daniel Bouhnik
Periodontal diseases are inflammatory conditions that cause destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth—the periodontal tissues—and an alteration of the tooth’s survival prognosis. These inflammatory conditions can have numerous clinical manifestations, ranging from simple gingival inflammation to pathological secondary migrations, including gingival recessions. At the periodontitis stage, an apical displacement is observed along the root surface of the periodontal structures. This displacement is the
clinical manifestation of irreversible loss of the tooth’s supporting tissues.
To date, only so-called regenerative periodontal therapies provide management of the sequelae of these diseases. One may wonder whether orthodontics, thanks to its ability to move the dental organ within these structures, has a role to play—together with periodontics—in the management of the sequelae of these diseases.
Recent research has made it possible to better understand the response of periodontal tissues to orthodontic movements. However, the periodontal consequences of intrusion movement are still poorly understood and debated. Studies conducted by Melsen at the end of the 1980s still appear as a scientific reference.
Described more than twenty-five years ago (Melsen 1988), the relationship between orthodontic intrusion induced and attachment gain is nevertheless very little developed in the literature. Yet it would offer a new therapeutic means for the regeneration of the tooth’s supporting tissues.
Can we imagine repositioning teeth in the bone in order to obtain an amount of periodontal tissues compatible with a good survival prognosis? Can orthodontics provide a solution to these problems?
This work, co-directed by Professor Beatriz Castaneda, aims to analyze, through different cases, the clinical effects of induced dental intrusion—particularly the possibilities for attachment gain related to this movement—in patients presenting stabilized periodontitis.